O'BRIEN, John

The court considers the severity of the offence, the defendant's level of culpability (blameworthiness), the harm caused, any previous criminal record (aggravating factors), and positive character references or early guilty pleas (mitigating factors).

Sentences can include discharges (absolute or conditional), fines, community orders (unpaid work, rehabilitation), suspended prison sentences, or immediate custodial sentences (imprisonment).

Yes. The defense can appeal against the severity of the sentence, and the prosecution can appeal (in some serious Crown Court cases) if they believe the sentence was unduly lenient.

For a single summary/either-way offence, magistrates can sentence a defendant to a maximum of 6 months in prison (or up to 12 months for multiple either-way offences), alongside unlimited fines and community orders.

Magistrates are trained volunteers from the local community who sit in panels of three. A District Judge is a qualified legal professional who sits alone. Both have the same sentencing powers.

Theft is the dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving them of it (Theft Act 1968). Shoplifting is a common form of theft from retail premises.

Triable either way. Low-value shoplifting (under £200) is prosecuted as a summary offence in the Magistrates' Court. General theft carries a maximum of 7 years imprisonment in the Crown Court, though low-level offences usually result in fines, discharges, or community service.

Dishonestly making a false representation, failing to disclose information where there is a legal duty to do so, or abusing a position, with intent to make a gain or cause a loss (Fraud Act 2006).

Triable either way. Minor frauds are handled in the Magistrates' Court. Serious corporate or systematic fraud goes to the Crown Court and carries a statutory maximum of 10 years imprisonment.